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      A cosmic census triples the known number of black holes in dwarf galaxies

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      A colossal census of the cosmos has more than tripled the number of active black holes known to reside in miniature galaxies and found the biggest haul of middleweight black holes to date.

      The survey turned up about 2,500 dwarf galaxies with actively feeding black holes at their centers, up from about 500 known before, researchers report in a paper submitted October 31 to arXiv.org. The team also found nearly 300 new intermediate-mass black hole candidates, an increase from about 70 previous possible detections (SN: 9/2/20). More

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      A star winked out of sight. Could it be a ‘failed supernova’? 

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      Some massive stars may go out with a fizzle, not a bang.

      A star that winked out of view could be a “failed supernova,” a stellar explosion that petered out instead of fully detonating, a new study reports. If real, the failed supernova would mark the birth of a black hole.

      At the ends of their lives, massive stars explode in dazzling outbursts known as supernovas, kicked off when the star’s core collapses. But sometimes, scientists suspect, there’s not enough oomph for a full explosion, resulting in a star that switches off without fireworks.  More

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      A zombie star’s spiky filaments shed light on a 12th century supernova

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      Some 6,500 light-years from Earth lurks a zombie star cloaked in long tendrils of hot sulfur.

      Nobody knows how those tendrils formed. But astronomers now know where they’re going. New observations, reported in the Nov. 1 Astrophysical Journal Letters, capture the 3-D structure and motion of debris left in the wake of a supernova that was seen to detonate almost 900 years ago.

      “It’s a piece of the puzzle towards understanding this very bizarre [supernova] remnant,” says astronomer Tim Cunningham of the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass. More

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      Using AI, historians track how astronomy ideas spread in the 16th century

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      Historians working with an artificial intelligence assistant have begun tracking the spread of astronomical thinking across Europe in the early 1500s.

      The analysis contributes to challenging the “lone genius” idea of scientific revolutions. Instead, it shows that knowledge about the positions of the stars was widespread and used in a variety of disciplines, researchers report October 23 in Science Advances.

      “We can see here the first formation of a proto-international scientific community,” says computational historian Matteo Valleriani of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. More

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      The cataclysmic origins of most of Earth’s meteorites have been found

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      Most of Earth’s meteorites can be linked to just a few collisions within the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, two new studies report, including a particularly cataclysmic impact event around 470 million years ago.

      The upside to this discovery, published October 16 in Nature, is that it provides researchers with vital context: By knowing the return address of meteorites, scientists can more easily work out how and where the building blocks of planets came together to create the solar system we see today. The downside is that it may mean researchers have an extremely biased meteorite collection that can tell only a sliver of the story. More

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      NASA’s Europa mission is a homecoming for one planetary astronomer

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      Planetary astronomer Bonnie Buratti remembers exactly where she was the first time she heard that Jupiter’s icy moon Europa might host life.

      It was the 1980s, and Buratti was a graduate student at Cornell University studying images of the planet’s moons taken during the Voyager 1 and 2 flybys in 1979. Even in those first low-resolution snapshots, Europa was intriguing.

      “It looked like a cracked egg,” she says.

      Those cracks — in a snow-covered, icy shell — were probably filled with material that had welled up from below, Buratti and colleagues had shown. That meant there had to be something underneath the ice. More

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      Saturn’s first Trojan asteroid has finally been discovered

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      Astronomers have finally found an asteroid keeping pace with Saturn in its orbit around the sun. Such objects, called Trojan asteroids, are already known for the other three giant planets.

      “Saturn was sort of the odd man out, if I can call it that, because even though it’s the second most massive planet in the solar system, it didn’t have any Trojans,” says Paul Wiegert, an astronomer at the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada. Like Saturn, the new asteroid takes about 30 years to revolve but lies 60 degrees ahead of the planet in its orbit, Wiegert and colleagues report in work submitted September 29 to arXiv.org. More

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      Runaway stars could influence the cosmos far past their home galaxies

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      Dozens of fugitive stars were caught fleeing a dense star cluster in a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. The swarm of speeding stars could mean that such runaways had a bigger influence on cosmic evolution than previously thought, astronomers report October 9 in Nature.

      Massive stars are born in young clusters, packed so close together that they can jostle each other out of place. Sometimes, encounters between pairs of massive stars or neighboring supernova explosions can send a star zipping out of the cluster altogether, to seek its fortune in the wider galaxy and beyond. More