More stories

  • in

    Winter is purple spouting broccoli's time to shine

    By Clare Wilson
    GAP Photos/Tim Gainey
    IN THE depths of the UK winter, most of my vegetable beds are bare, except for my star performer: purple sprouting broccoli. It is in the middle of its fabulous January growth spurt.
    This giant of a broccoli plant is arguably the queen of the brassica family of vegetables. Also known as winter sprouting broccoli, it is very tolerant of cold, and requires several weeks of cold weather before it puts forth its flower buds and becomes ready to harvest.
    Unlike ordinary broccoli plants, which have a single large head and are usually harvested by autumn, purple sprouting broccoli … More

  • in

    Winter is purple sprouting broccoli's time to shine

    By Clare Wilson
    GAP Photos/Tim Gainey
    IN THE depths of the UK winter, most of my vegetable beds are bare, except for my star performer: purple sprouting broccoli. It is in the middle of its fabulous January growth spurt.
    This giant of a broccoli plant is arguably the queen of the brassica family of vegetables. Also known as winter sprouting broccoli, it is very tolerant of cold, and requires several weeks of cold weather before it puts forth its flower buds and becomes ready to harvest.
    Unlike ordinary broccoli plants, which have a single large head and are usually harvested by autumn, purple sprouting broccoli … More

  • in

    Two stars’ close encounter may explain a cosmic flare that has barely faded

    A newborn star whizzing past another stellar youngster triggered a cosmic flare-up that began nearly a century ago and is still going strong today, researchers say.

    In late 1936, a dim star in the constellation Orion started to erupt in our sky and soon shone over 100 times as brightly as it had before. Only telescopes could detect the star prior to the outburst, but afterward, the star was so bright it was visible through binoculars. The star even lit up part of the previously dark interstellar cloud called Barnard 35 that presumably gave the star birth (SN: 1/10/76).

    Amazingly, the star, now named FU Orionis, is still shining almost as brightly today, 85 years later. That means the star wasn’t a nova, a stellar explosion that quickly fades from view (SN: 2/12/21). But the exact cause of the long-lasting flare-up has been a mystery.

    Now, computer simulations may offer a clue to what’s kept the celestial beacon shining so brightly. Located about 1,330 light-years from Earth, FU Orionis is actually a double star, consisting of two separate stars that probably orbit each other. One is about as massive as the sun, while the other is only 30 percent to 60 percent as massive. Because the stars are so young, each has a disk of gas and dust revolving around it. It’s the lesser star’s passage through the other star’s disk that triggered and sustains the great flare-up, the simulations suggest.

    Sign Up For the Latest from Science News

    Headlines and summaries of the latest Science News articles, delivered to your inbox

    Thank you for signing up!

    There was a problem signing you up.

    “The low-mass star is the one that is in outburst,” says Elisabeth Borchert, an astrophysicist at Monash University in Clayton, Australia.

    According to Borchert’s team, the outburst arose as the low-mass star passed 10 to 20 times as far from its mate as the Earth is from the sun — comparable to the distance between the sun and Saturn or Uranus. As the lesser star plowed through the other star’s disk, gas and dust from that disk rained down onto the intruder. In the simulations, this material got hot and glowed profusely, making the low-mass star hundreds of times brighter, behavior that mimicked FU Orionis’ outburst.

    The flare-up has endured so long because the gravitational pull of the lesser star captured material that began to orbit the star and is still falling onto it, the researchers explain in a paper submitted online November 24 at arXiv.org. The study will be published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

    “It is a plausible explanation,” says Scott Kenyon, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., who was not involved with the study. The researchers “get a rise in luminosity about what the observations show,” he says, and “it lasts a long time.”

    Kenyon says one way to test the team’s theory is to track how the two stars move relative to each other in the future. That may reveal whether the stars were as close together in 1936 as the simulations suggest. Astronomers discovered the binary nature of FU Orionis only two decades ago, by which time the stars were much farther apart in their elliptical orbit around each other.

    Since the discovery of FU Orionis, several other newborn stars have flared up in a similar fashion. The binary model “could be a good explanation for all of them,” Borchert says, if those stars also have stellar companions that recently skirted past. More

  • in

    The best science books coming your way in 2022

    By Simon Ings
    If we can’t beat water, perhaps we should learn to go with the flowPete Saloutos/Getty Images
    Explore and protect
    ACROSS the globe, water went wild in 2021. Floods hit everywhere from Afghanistan to New Zealand, and the UK was affected by flash floods in the summer.
    So, as we begin 2022, we should take heed of Erica Gies’s forthcoming book Water Always Wins: Going with the flow to thrive in the age of droughts, floods and climate change. She argues that, as our fields and cities sprawl, it is high time we learned to flow with water’s natural rhythms.
    Chris Armstrong’s A Blue New Deal: Why we need a new politics for the ocean also calls for action. His priorities are the many challenges faced by those whose lives rely on the oceans. From the fate of nations being submerged by sea level rise to the exploitation of people working in fishing, plus the rights of marine animals to a future where they aren’t at risk of extinction, he points out that there is a lot to do.Advertisement
    Along with the growing urgency around climate change, there is a renewed interest in the way we tell the story of life on Earth. In The Sloth Lemur’s Song: Madagascar from the deep past to the uncertain present, environmental researcher Alison Richard traces the history of Earth’s fourth-biggest island, from its origins as a landlocked region of Gondwana to its emergence as an island home to huge, flightless birds and giant tortoises, and on to the modern-day developments that now threaten its biodiversity.
    Palaeobiologist Thomas Halliday embraces a yet more epic timescale in Otherlands: A world in the making, touring the many living worlds that preceded ours, from the mammoth steppe in glaciated Alaska to the lush rainforests of Eocene Antarctica. If you have ever wondered what sound a pterosaur’s wings made in flight, this is the book for you.
    Given that nearly all of the species that have lived on Earth are extinct, it might be an idea to think about what we want to preserve from our current biosphere. In Tickets for the Ark: From wasps to whales – how do we choose what to save?, ecologist Rebecca Nesbit wonders how we might decide the fate of Earth’s estimated 8.7 million species, including ourselves. Are native species more valuable than newcomers? Should some animals be culled to protect others? And is it really our place to decide?
    Feathered friends
    As a species, we tend not to appreciate what we have lost until it is gone – or nearly gone. There are currently around 3 billion fewer birds in our skies than there were in 1970. And, perhaps not coincidentally, 2022 is a bumper year for books about birds.
    Faced with a quite catastrophic decline in bird populations, some writers have focused on what birds mean to our lives. In Birds and Us: A 12,000 year history, from cave art to conservation, ornithologist Tim Birkhead laces his own remarkable travels with the story of humanity’s long fascination with birds. We have worshipped them as gods, worn their feathers and even attempted to emulate their method of flight.
    Even without these cultural efforts, it seems that we share many of our behavioural traits with birds: our longevity, intelligence, monogamous partnerships, child-rearing habits, learning and language all have an avian equivalent, says behavioural ecologist Antone Martinho-Truswell. In The Parrot in the Mirror: How evolving to be like birds made us human, he shows how, from wildly different beginnings, the evolutionary stories of humans and birds have pushed both towards many of the same solutions. Sometimes we could do worse than to think of humans as featherless birds, he argues.
    “Birds not only have a keen sense of smell, they tweak the scents of the oils they use when preening”
    Might this kind of thinking inspire us to better orchestrate our rescue and preservation efforts? Patrick Galbraith’s In Search of One Last Song: Our disappearing birds and the people trying to save them crosses Britain on a journey that may well be his last chance to see some of our vanishing birds. On the way, he meets the people – reed cutters and coppicers, gamekeepers and conservationists – whose efforts sustain vital habitats for some of our rarest birds, but who often fall into misunderstanding and conflict with each other.
    While some focus on saving birds, other books offer a chance to understand them better. Douglas J. Futuyma’s How Birds Evolve: What science reveals about their origin, lives, and diversity traces avian species through deep time to explain how they developed such a rich variety of parenting styles, mating displays and cooperative behaviours.
    Evolutionary biologist Danielle J. Whittaker’s The Secret Perfume of Birds: Uncovering the science of avian scent adds a new feather to their cap with the news that birds not only have a keen sense of smell, but they tweak the scents of the oils they use when preening to attract mates and deter competitors. From tangerine-scented auklets to mossy-smelling juncos, birds are more fragrant than you might think.
    Joys of the cosmos
    Setting the wonders of Earth to one side, let’s examine the mysteries of space. In Black Holes: The key to understanding everything, physicists Brian Cox and Jeff Foreshaw use black holes, the most enigmatic objects in the universe, to explain some very profound physics. What is information? How could gravity and quantum theory one day be unified? And what actually is empty space?
    If that isn’t mind-bending enough, try physicist Nicole Yunger Halpern’s book Quantum Steampunk: The physics of yesterday’s tomorrow. In it, she reimagines 19th-century thermodynamics through a modern, quantum lens, playing with the aesthetics of the 1800s through trains, dirigibles and horseless carriages. It is a physics book, but one that is as likely to attract readers of science fiction as those of popular science.
    If you prefer a more straightforward approach, however, pick up physicist, writer and presenter Jim Al-Khalili’s The Joy of Science. It is a brief guide to leading a more rational existence. A little book of calm that is very welcome in these strange times.
    Fresh thinking
    Perhaps in response to these strange times, this year features several books that look at old notions in an entirely new way. In Am I Normal?: The 200-year search for normal people (and why they don’t exist), historian Sarah Chaney tells the surprisingly recent history of normal people.
    Before the 1830s, says Chaney, the term was hardly ever used to describe human behaviour. But with the advent of IQ tests, sex studies, censuses and data visualisations, we became ever more conscious of, and anxious about, human diversity. Can we ever learn to live with ourselves?
    Learning from the natural world might help in this regard. Lucy Cooke’s Bitch: A revolutionary guide to sex, evolution and the female animal clears away our outdated expectations of female bodies, brains, biology and behaviour and challenges our ideas about sexual identity and sexuality in humans and other animals.
    One aspect of life that seems difficult to argue with is the ageing process. But in Jellyfish Age Backwards: Nature’s secrets to longevity, Nicklas Brendborg asks not just why we grow old and die, but what we can do about it. What can we learn from the Greenland shark that was 286 years old when the Titanic sank and is still going strong; from the many living things that have never evolved to die, and succumb only through unfortunate circumstances; or from one species of jellyfish that can revert back to its polyp stage when threatened and, remarkably, “age again”?
    A related question is how bodies, communities and systems regenerate. This is a pressing issue in regenerative medicine, in developmental biology and in neuroscience. In What Is Regeneration?, philosophers of science Jane Maienschein and Kate MacCord point out that this rapidly growing field of study also promises to transform our ability to understand and repair the damage to ecosystems brought on by climate change.
    In an acid test of our willingness to see clearly and embrace reason, there is Endless Forms: The secret world of wasps, behavioural ecologist Seirian Sumner’s bid to make us love an animal that is older, cleverer and more diverse than its cuddly cousin the bee. Learning that nearly every ecological niche on land is inhabited by a wasp, and that there are wasps that live inside other wasps, may make you fall in love with the things. But then again…
    Observation points
    Another component of great science is, of course, observation – a skill we should all nurture if we want to appreciate our brief time on the planet.
    Rolf Sachsse, a curator based in Bonn, Germany, has gathered together the very best of the remarkable work of English botanist and photographer Anna Atkins (1799-1871) in Anna Atkins: Blue prints. It is a sumptuous celebration of the sort of close observation that contributes so much to both science and art. Atkins used the then recently invented “cyanotype” process to photograph algae and ferns, thereby creating the first photo book in history.
    Barriers to good observation are more often social than practical. History isn’t short of remarkable female astronomers, but before the 1960s, women invariably needed the right relative or the right husband to champion and support their work. The Sky Is for Everyone: Women astronomers in their own words is a testament to the period that all changed. Edited by astronomers Virginia Trimble and David Weintraub, it is an inspiring anthology of writings by trailblazing female astronomers from 1960 to today.
    And finally: close observation, fresh thinking and a concern for the environment all come together in Dust: A history and a future of environmental disaster by Jay Owens – for my money, the most enticing of the books we know are due in 2022.
    “What can we learn from the shark that was 286 years old when the Titanic sank and is still going strong?”
    Owens explores dust as a method for seeing the world anew, from space dust to sandstorms, from the domestic to the digital and from efforts at industrialisation to the latest speculative technologies for cooling the planet. Though dust may often be the harbinger of environmental disaster, Owens, like many of the writers here, still makes room to draw out stories of hope, of salvage and of repair.

    More on these topics: More

  • in

    We must capitalise on the public's renewed focus on climate change

    By Adam Corner
    Simone Rotella
    LAST year saw a wave of climate change coverage and record levels of public concern. One poll found that 40 per cent of people in the UK thought climate change was the most important issue facing the country, and a major 30-country study found similar results, with most people in most countries now worried about climate change. They wanted both government and personal action to address the problem. These are uncharted waters for public opinion across the planet.
    This is a welcome development and it is long overdue. But it represents the start, rather than the finish line for public … More

  • in

    Do all Australian critters glow green under UV light, or is it borax?

    Feedback is our weekly column of bizarre stories, implausible advertising claims, confusing instructions and more

    Humans

    29 December 2021

    Josie Ford
    Glowing reports
    Happy new year, happy new year – may we all have a vision, now and then, of a world where every neighbour is a friend! You catch us having our annual bath, singing along to ABBA’s traditional Swedish seasonal carol and possibly still feeling the effects of one too many Tío Pepes. Well, what do you expect in a column dated 1 January?
    We are put in a particularly good mood, however, by Tony Powers, who writes with a follow-up to an article last year about platypuses, those remarkable mammals that glow in UV light, produce venom and … More

  • in

    Our pick of the best sci-fi and speculative fiction books for 2022

    By Sally Adee

    The Unfamiliar Garden / The Sky Vault
    Benjamin Percy
    Hodder & StoughtonAdvertisement
    Not one but two sequels to The Ninth Metal come out this year. A comet peppers Earth with a new metallic super-ore whose discovery changes everything. Out in January and August, respectively.

    Goliath: A novel
    Tochi Onyebuchi
    Tordotcom
    In the 2050s, space colonies offer refuge from a collapsing climate, but only for the rich. The rest have to figure out how to live in it. Out in January.

    Mickey7
    Edward Ashton
    St Martin’s Press
    Mickey7 is a disposable human who is sent to colonise dangerous new worlds, a job he is suited for because he can regenerate. After being lost, presumed dead, he meets his successor and they must team up to survive. Out in February.

    The This
    Adam Roberts
    Gollancz
    In the dystopian near future, smartphones have become sex toys and the hottest new social media platform grows directly into your brain. What could possibly go wrong? Out in February.

    The Cartographers
    Peng Shepherd
    Hachette
    In this dark fable, a young woman finds a strange map among her estranged father’s things after his untimely death. Deadly secrets and gothic-inflected speculative fiction ensue. Out in March.

    Plutoshine
    Lucy Kissick
    Orion 
    Lucy Kissick is a nuclear scientist with a PhD in planetary geochemistry. Her book about terraforming Pluto – even as native alien species are discovered – may put you in mind of Kim Stanley Robinson. Out in April.

    Dreams Bigger Than Heartbreak
    Charlie Jane Anders (Titan)
    Teenage geniuses in space. Book two of a fun, rompy, LGBTQ+ space opera series that blurs the line between young adult and science fiction. Out in April.

    Eversion
    Alastair Reynolds
    Gollancz
    Airships, steampunk, a mysterious artefact and expeditions that keep going wrong. It’s up to Dr Silas Coade to figure out why. Out in May.

    Glitterati
    Oliver Langmead
    Titan
    An influencer comedy of horrors billed as A Clockwork Orange meets RuPaul’s Drag Race. The fun kicks off when nosebleeds become a fashion trend – and it sparks a vicious fight for credit. Out in May.

    More on these topics: More

  • in

    The best sci-fi TV shows and movies to look forward to in 2022

    By Swapna Krishna
    James Dimmock/CBS
    The best films and TV
    Towards the end of 2021, a glut of movies and shows that had been delayed by covid-19 finally hit the screens. Next year, that trend continues with a plethora of sci-fi offerings.
    Paramount Plus (which is due to launch in the UK in 2022) has a double treat for fans of the Star Trek franchise. Patrick Stewart stars in a new series of Star Trek: Picard, which returns in early 2022. Later in the year, the first season of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds will bring back fan favourites such as Spock, Uhura and Number One.
    Over in the Star Wars universe, Obi-Wan Kenobi starring Ewan McGregor and Hayden Christensen will premiere on Disney+. The streaming service will also bring back Diego Luna as Cassian Andor from Rogue One in Andor.Advertisement
    Back on Paramount Plus, a new show, Halo, based on the hit video game series, will also be released in early 2022. Set in the 26th century, it will focus on a war between humans and aliens, with Pablo Schreiber set to play the legendary Master Chief.
    From Westworld creators Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, comes a new high-concept series for Amazon Prime Video called The Peripheral, based on a book by William Gibson. It focuses on a detective (played by Chloë Grace Moretz) who believes that she witnessed a murder in cyberspace.
    On the big screen, the threats are more tangible. February sees the release of Moonfall, in which Halle Berry stars as a NASA executive and former astronaut who must take action when the moon breaks its orbit and is set to collide with Earth.
    Space thriller 65 is set for release in April. Few details have been released, except that the main character, played by Adam Driver, arrives on another planet to discover he isn’t alone.
    On a lighter note, Disney Pixar’s Lightyear comes to cinemas in June. Set in the Toy Story universe, it traces the origins of Buzz Lightyear — the “real” astronaut that was immortalised as a children’s toy in the cartoons.
    It is also a big year for long-awaited sequels. Avatar 2 finally arrives at the end of the year, more than 10 years after James Cameron introduced us to the world of Pandora. And Jurassic World: Dominion will roar onto big screens in June for one last adventure starring Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard.
    Whatever else this year brings, we certainly won’t be short of entertainment.

    More on these topics: More