Philippa Kaur

By Krista Charles

Artist’s impression of a pack of Eurasian hunting dogs chasing preyMauricio Antón with scientific supervision by D. Lordkipanidze and B. Martínez-Navarro
The earliest humans known to have lived outside Africa shared their environment with hunting dogs – and may even have stolen food from them.
For many years, archaeologists have been excavating at a site near Dmanisi in Georgia, where they have found evidence that ancient humans – sometimes put in the species Homo erectus – were present about 1.8 million years ago. The Dmanisi humans provide the earliest fossil evidence yet found of hominins outside Africa.
But as ancient humans moved out of Africa, it looks like they encountered prehistoric hunting dogs that were moving into Africa, because the remains of one such dog has now been unearthed at Dmanisi.Advertisement
Saverio Bartolini-Lucenti at the University of Florence, Italy, and his colleagues analysed the remains, which came from a young adult Eurasian hunting dog (Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides), an extinct species of hunting dog related to modern African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus).
“Picture an African hunting dog, but stouter with long limbs like an Irish wolfhound, but not so thin,” says Bartolini-Lucenti.

This particular animal would have lived about 1.8 million years ago, making it the earliest ever found in Europe.
These wild dogs are believed to have originated in Asia, spreading into and across Europe and Africa between about 1.8 and 0.8 million years ago.
“Finding it in Dmanisi – which is an important site at the verge, the border of three continents (Asia, Africa and Europe) – is interesting because it is at a timeframe where we didn’t have any occurrences of this form,” says Bartolini-Lucenti.
Modern African hunting dogs have adapted to consume their prey very quickly before it can be stolen by larger, stronger predators, such as lions and hyenas. The Eurasian hunting dogs may have interacted with early humans in a similar way, says Bartolini-Lucenti, with the humans scaring off the dogs to steal their prey.
Working out how two ancient species interacted is difficult, “especially when the fossil record is poor”, says Marco Cherin at the University of Perugia in Italy. “But I am confident that the record from Dmanisi may offer new surprises in the future, and this paper represents a good beginning.”
Journal reference: Scientific Reports, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92818-4
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By Clare Wilson

Would you share or steal?PURPLE MARBLES/Alamy
Most people play fair in lab tests where they can share or steal small sums of money – yet in real life, unfairness and cheating is common.
Now, the apparent contradiction has a new explanation. In lab experiments where people are able to take money from groups of people, they nearly always do, but the same individuals tend to be fair when dealing with just one other person.
Economists have long investigated people’s behaviour through simple tests in the lab, such as the two-person “dictator game” in which one person is given a small sum of money and they choose whether to give some of it to their playing partner, who they haven’t met before. Typically, most people give some away, although they get nothing in return, suggesting we have an intrinsic sense of fairness.Advertisement
In real life, though, unfairness is common, ranging from office workers failing to contribute their share of communal snacks through to large-scale financial fraud. We often assume that people who cheat in such ways are a minority, or even that antisocial people are drawn to careers where they can exploit others, says Carlos Alós-Ferrer at the University of Zurich in Switzerland.
To investigate, Alós-Ferrer’s team designed a new monetary test called the Big Robber game, where any unfair actions affect larger numbers of people.

The researchers asked groups of 32 people to play the dictator game and two other similar games in pairs, and the results were the same as those usually seen, in that most people acted generously.
Half the group were also asked if they would like to rob some of the earnings of the other half, which totalled €200, on average. They could take half the amount, a third, a tenth or none of it. The team repeated this process with 640 people in total.
Of the 320 individuals given the robbery option, 98 per cent took at least some of the money and 56 per cent took half. To save on costs, the researchers didn’t let everyone actually go home with their chosen amount, but one of the 16 robbers in each group was randomly selected to receive this sum.
The findings suggest that people can be fair to individuals and selfish to larger groups, says Alós-Ferrer. “Human beings are perfectly capable of displaying both kinds of behaviour.”
People may act differently in real life to how they do in lab games, but the findings suggest economists should investigate group interactions as well as two-person ones, he says.
Journal reference: Nature Human Behaviour, DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01170-0

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By Graham Lawton

Matthew Horwood/Getty Images
A COUPLE of weeks ago, I had an experience that was new to me, and which proved both infuriating and enlightening: I was harangued on Twitter for not being green enough. Last month, I wrote about driving my sick cat to and from the vet, and how the gridlocked traffic looked like a depressing taste of our post-pandemic future. “Shocked by yr column blaming traffic,” my chastiser tweeted at me. “You ARE the traffic; have you tried cycling?”
Deeply unfair. But it gave me a glimpse of what many people must feel when their behaviour falls short of the standards … More

By Gege Li

Aly Song/Wellcome Photography Prize 2021
Wellcome Photography Prize 2021
THESE poignant and intensely personal images are among the winners and finalists in the Wellcome Photography Prize 2021, run by health research foundation Wellcome.
The competition focuses on three of the most urgent global health challenges: mental health, global warming and infectious disease. There are two top prizes, one for a single image and one for an image series.Advertisement
Above is The Time of Coronavirus by finalist Aly Song. Taken in April 2020, volunteers are disinfecting Qintai Grand Theatre in Wuhan, China, the city where covid-19 cases were first detected.
Next,  is a shot from Yoppy Pieter, winner of the image series prize, called Trans Woman: Between colour and voice. It shows one aspect of life for transgender women in Indonesia, with Lilis (centre), a trans woman, being tested for HIV in South Tangerang. It can be difficult for trans women in the country to access healthcare without official documents.
Yoppy Peiter/Wellcome Photography Prize 2021
Below is Climate Cost by finalist Zakir Hossain Chowdhury. The devastating image was taken three months after Cyclone Amphan struck Bangladesh in May 2020. The cyclone is estimated to have left half a million people homeless.
Zakir Hossain Chowdhury/Wellcome Photography Prize 2021
The final image, at bottom right, is Untangling by Jameisha Prescod, winner of the single image prize. It illustrates her isolation through a photo taken in her bedroom during lockdown. She turned to knitting to ease her mind, she says.
Jameisha Prescod/Wellcome Photography Prize 2021

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Newly discovered cave art gives fresh insight into the minds of our ancestors – and upends the idea that a Stone Age cultural explosion was unique to Europe

Humans

28 July 2021

By Alison George

This pig painting from Leang Tedongnge cave on Sulawesi is at least 45,500 years oldAA Oktaviana
IN 1879, an 8-year-old girl made a discovery that would rock our understanding of human history. On the walls of Altamira cave in northern Spain, she spotted stunning drawings of bison, painted in vivid red and black. More striking even than the images was their age: they were made thousands of years ago by modern humans’ supposedly primitive ancestors. Today, nearly 400 caves across Europe have been found decorated with hand stencils, mysterious symbols and beautiful images of animals created by these accomplished artists.
The discoveries led to the view that artistic talent arose after modern humans arrived in the region some 40,000 years ago, as part of a “cultural explosion” reflecting a flowering of the human mind. But more recent evidence has blown this idea out of the water. For a start, modern humans might not have been the first artists in Europe, as paintings discovered in a Spanish cave in 2018 have revealed. What’s more, a treasure trove of cave paintings emerging in Indonesia has dispelled the idea that Europe was the epicentre of creativity. Indeed, discoveries in Africa indicate that humans were honing their artistic skills long before groups of them migrated to the rest of the world.
The real puzzle is why Stone Age cave art seems to be concentrated in a few locations. Could it be hiding elsewhere in plain sight, unnoticed, unrecognised or obscured? Efforts are now under way to track down this missing art, with growing success. … More

By Michael Marshall

We are still learning more about the human genomeShutterstock / Explode
A new, more complete version of the human genome is already bearing fruit after being released two months ago. It has revealed enormous amounts of genetic variation between people that couldn’t previously be detected – variation that may underlie diseases.
“There were variants that were hiding in plain sight,” says Megan Dennis at the University of California, Davis.
Other studies suggest that the new genome will finally reveal the functions of seemingly useless “junk DNA”. This DNA is repetitive, which means it has … More

By Krista Charles

When looking at a scene (left), each quick eye movement creates motion streaks (right) on the retina that we don’t consciously perceiveMartin Rolfs
It has sometimes been assumed that we experience brief periods without vision every time we shift our focus from one point to another – but it turns out this is wrong.
Several times each second, we quickly change our line of sight, shifting our focus from one point in a scene to another. These fast, jerky eye movements, or saccades, each last less than 50 milliseconds, and our vision is reduced during that time. Some people have argued that our eyes lose their ability to process visual information in this time.
Richard Schweitzer and Martin Rolfs at Humboldt University of Berlin in Germany have shown that this isn’t the case: we are, in fact, able to absorb information from our surroundings during such rapid eye movements.Advertisement
“This kind of changes the way we approach perception because we used to think about motor actions and perception as two distinct things,” says Rolfs. “What this insight shows, I think, is that as we continue to interact between how we move and what we perceive, that it’s not two separate processes. It’s two things working together; they go hand in hand.”

The pair worked with 20 volunteers who were asked to seek out and focus on a visual target displayed on a screen, which naturally encouraged their eyes to dart around performing saccades. However, the target on the screen was shown using a high-speed projector that was capable of generating about 70 images during each 50-millisecond-long saccade. This meant the researchers could have the target move smoothly so that its position at the end of the saccade was different from its position at the start.
The volunteers detected this within-saccade movement: at the end of the saccade, when their eyes looked for the target again, they seemed to have anticipated where the target would now be located. The researchers could confirm this because the volunteers were able to correct their eye movement to locate the target more quickly than would have been the case had their eyes not detected the target’s movement during the saccade.
“The paper suggests that during eye movements, what is left of motion streaks (the traces left in our visual system by fast-moving objects) helps perception, whereas it is a disturbance when the eyes are steady,” says Paola Binda at the University of Pisa in Italy. “This point would need direct testing, of course, but it is an intriguing one.”
“The only potential criticism I can see is that the results were obtained with stimuli ingeniously designed to investigate these effects, but it is not clear whether any of this occurs in natural vision – as the authors admit,” says Karl Gegenfurtner at Justus Liebig University Giessen in Germany.
Journal reference: Science Advances, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2218

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